Modal verbs (modale werkwoorden / hulpwerkwoorden) are helper verbs. They don't usually stand alone; they work together with another verb. They add meaning like necessity, ability, permission, intention, or future.
Dutch uses six common modal verbs: moeten, willen, kunnen, mogen, zullen, and hoeven. Each one changes how your sentence sounds:
| Verb | Meaning | What it expresses | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| moeten | must / have to | obligation or necessity | Ik moet vroeg opstaan. |
| kunnen | can / be able to | ability or possibility | Zij kan goed zingen. |
| willen | want | desire or willingness | Wij willen koffie drinken. |
| mogen | may / allowed to | asking or granting permission | Mag ik hier zitten? |
| zullen | shall / will | future tense | Hij zal later komen. |
| hoeven | need to (neg. only) | something is not necessary | Ik hoef niet te koken. |
In the present tense, modal verbs are mostly irregular. So you usually cannot apply the regular stem + t rule. The good news is that many singular forms are short and repeat, and the plural forms are usually the infinitive.
A practical way to learn this table: first memorize the ik form, then the plural forms (wij / jullie / zij), and then the extra alternatives for jij (and sometimes u).
| moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ik | moet | kan | wil | mag | zal | hoef |
| jij | moet | kan / kunt | wil / wilt | mag | zal / zult | hoeft |
| hij/zij/u | moet | kan | wil | mag | zal | hoeft |
| wij | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
| jullie | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
| zij (pl.) | moeten | kunnen | willen | mogen | zullen | hoeven |
Choose one activity below. Quizzes use vocabulary from Lessons 1, 2, and 3.
Pick the correct modal form for the pronoun.
Use the meaning clue, then choose the correct modal form.
The modal is hidden in each sentence. Choose the correct form from the same modal verb family.